Blogs
How to Determine Trace Impurities in Helium
Table of ContentsLiquid-Helium TrapOperation of ApparatusCalculations An apparatus for determining trace impurities in Grade-A helium by mass spectrometer methods was designed and built by the Federal Bureau of Mines. Grade-A is the designation for helium commercially produced by the Bureau. Its nominal purity is 99.995 percent. The device, following a suggestion by Deaton, concentrates the impurities in the helium by
How to Design an Underground Mine Opening in Rock
Table of ContentsWhat is Competent RockClassification of Competent RockPhysical Properties of RockAssumption Regarding Stress FieldAssumptions Regarding Criteria of FailureEffects of TimeSafety FactorDesign of Single Openings in Massive RockIntroductionCircular OpeningsElliptical OpeningsOvaloidal OpeningsRectangular OpeningsInclined OpeningsSpherical and Spheroidal OpeningsDesign PrinciplesIllustrative ProblemDesign of Multiple Openings in Massive RockIntroductionRow of Circular OpeningsRow of Ovaloidal OpeningsAverage Pillar StressCompressive Strength of PillarsIllustrative ProblemSingle Openings in Bedded RockIntroductionSingle-Layer
How Impurities Affect Titanium Properties
Table of ContentsDiscussion and ResultsConclusions The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of the impurities, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and iron (in low percentages) on the mechanical properties of electrolytic titanium. The strength and hardness of binary Ti-O, Ti-N, and Ti-C alloys are linear functions of alloy content in the composition range investigated. Compared to oxygen and carbon,
How to Increase Tensile Strength Titanium
Antimony up to 10 percent increases the strength of titanium by solid-solution hardening. The general relationship of hardness, strength, and elongation in these alloys is similar to that found in several grades of high-purity and commercial titanium. Tensile strength (annealed condition) appeared to be a linear function of Vickers hardness regardless of composition. For equivalent hardness and tensile strength, the
Electrorefining Beryllium
Table of ContentsApparatusExperimental Procedure Results of the preliminary tests have demonstrated the possibility of electrorefining beryllium in KCl-LiCl-BeCl2 baths. Qualitative spectrograph analyses of the starting material and the products indicate the following estimated percentages of reduction of metallic impurities: Magnesium was reduced by at least 50 percent. Iron, copper, silicon, and manganese were reduced by at least a slight amount
Fine Screening using Sieve Bend
Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsDescription of Equipment and Test ProceduresMethod of Evaluating EfficiencyInfluence of Operating VariablesFeed RatePulp RatioInfluence of Feed CompositionInfluence of Undersize MaterialInfluence of Near-Aperture Size MaterialTests on Natural Feeds The cleaning of fine coal, particularly for metallurgical use, is receiving greater attention. An increase in the proportion of fine coal in the run-of-mine product has been created by changes in
Detecting Rubidium and Cesium
Table of ContentsOccurrence of Cesium and RubidiumEvaluation of Known MethodsFlame and Bead TestsMicrochemical TestsChemical Spot TestsExtraction of Rubidium and Cesium from Raw MaterialsField Test for Cesium and RubidiumSample PreparationDissolution of Cesium and RubidiumSpot TestingChemicals and Equipment RequiredChemicalsEquipment A semi-quantitative test for the presence and identification of cesium and rubidium in rocks, clays, and mineral waters has been developed by the
Limonite Siderite Iron Ore Beneficiation
Table of ContentsWashing and SizingRoasting and Magnetic SeparationConnors Brothers DepositLimoniteSideriteMixed Limonite and SideriteO. C. Pouns DepositLimoniteSideriteMixed Limonite and SideriteLee Ben Pynson DepositLimoniteSideriteMixed Limonite and SideriteEttie Lattimer DepositLimoniteSideriteMixed Limonite and SideriteOxidation-Reduction of Mixed OresComparison of Magnetite and Maghemite (Gamma-Hematite)Flash Roasting A laboratory mineral-dressing investigation was conducted by the Federal Bureau of Mines on four limonitic and four sideritic iron ores from
Goethite Flotation
Table of ContentsPreparation of Goethite SampleQuartz SampleReagentsExperimental Procedure and ResultsDetermination of the Isoelectric PointVacuum Flotation TestsContact Angle MeasurementHallimond Tube TestsHallimond Tube Tests on QuartzBatch Flotation Tests on a Mixture of Quartz and GoethiteDiscussion The basic flotation characteristics of goethite were determined by using vacuum flotation, contact angle measurement, and Hallimond tube flotation, and the results have been correlated with information
Electrorefining Chromium
Table of ContentsEquipmentElectrolytesExperimental ProceduresConclusions The Federal Bureau of Mines refined chromium from an aqueous electrolytic process in molten sodium chloride-chromium chloride electrolytes. Oxygen and nitrogen contents were reduced by a factor of 10 to 40, but most other impurities were little changed. The product usually contained a little more iron than the feed. Since iron was entering the bath from
Gasification of Coal Water Slurry
Table of ContentsDescription of ApparatusOperating ProcedureCoals GasifiedResultsEffects of Variables on Carbon ConversionResidence TimeSteam ConcentrationTemperatureRank of CoalEffects of Variables on Gas Composition The results were surprisingly reproducible in view of the complex reactions, and the scatter of data was small. Rank of coal exerted the greatest effect on gasification. Tests with only three ranks of coals do not permit firm conclusions
Recover Chromite by Flotation
Table of ContentsJohn Day ChromitesNature of OresPhysicalChemicalFlotationGeorge Len OreBillie Girl OreBig Jim OreTwin Sisters ChromitesNature of OresPhysicalChemicalFlotation Gora OreAlamether OreMouat ChromitesNature of OrePhysicalChemicalFlotation MillfeedFine Table Feed This report describes an investigation by the Bureau of Mines of flotation techniques for the recovery of chromite from fine-grained disseminated ores. Reported work on the concentration of chromiferous materials shows that flotation has
Extraction Separation & Purification of Rare Earth Elements
Table of ContentsTetravalent CeriumTrivalent Rare-Earth ElementsAnalysesTetravalent CeriumTrivalent Rare-Earth Elements In separating and purifying rare-earth compounds, ion-exchange and liquid-liquid extraction techniques have exhibited the greatest potential. Of the two, ion exchange has received major attention and has been exploited into commercial operation. Notable research has been reported on solvent extraction techniques, especially in extraction of tetravalent cerium with phosphates and phosphonates.
Leonardite
Table of ContentsLeonardite Occurrence and PropertiesPresent Investigations Leonardite is a coallike substance, similar in structure and composition to lignitic coal and believed to be derived from lignitic coal by the process of natural oxidation. Leonardite is little known outside lignite-producing areas and has been developed commercially only tn a minor extent. The higher oxygen content and less compact structure of
Electrowinning & Refining Ceric Oxide and Cerous Fluoride to Cerium Ingot
Table of ContentsPreparation of Anhydrous Cerous FluorideDetails of Reno Ammonium Bifluoride MethodFluoride ElectrolytesVacuum DryingElectrowinningLaboratory-Cell DevelopmentCell Type No. 1Preparation of ChargeMelting of ChargeElectrolytic OperationsCell Type No. 2Cell Type No. 3Cell Type No. 4Reno Cerium Electrowinning Cell (Cell Type No. 5)Electrowinning Cell and Electrode AssemblySteel Glove BoxReplacing Air with Inert AtmosphereMelting of BathCerium Electrowinning Run (CE-42)Analyses of Cell-Box GasesLithiothermic Reduction and Vacuum
Testing Method Mine Anchorage Roof Bolts
Table of ContentsEquipment and ProcedureTest ResultsBolt Load-Jack Load RelationshipDetermination of Anchorage CharacteristicsDetermination of Installed Load Two methods of testing anchorages of headed expansion-type mine roof bolts were investigated by the Federal Bureau of Mines to determine whether they are acceptable for general use. In both methods a load was applied to a tightened bolt with a hydraulic jack. A total
What is the Best Coal for Coke Making
Table of ContentsCharacteristics Desired in Coke – ChemicalBlast-Furnace CokeFoundry CokeDomestic CokeWater-Gas CokeCharacteristics Desired in Coke – PhysicalHow to Select Coke making CoalsChemical AnalysisRankGradePetrographic AnalysisDirect Determination of the Coke-Making PropertyPlastic PropertiesMethods of Making Plasticity TestsDetermination of Expansion of Coal During CokingSummary and Conclusions Selection of a suitable coal or coals for the manufacture of coke of desired quality with due consideration
Rare-Earth Elements Electronegativity
Table of ContentsResultsDiscussion The rare-earth metals can be fitted into Pauling’s electronegativity scale if it is modified to take highly ionic bonds into account. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained only for metals of groups Ia, Ila, and IIIa of the periodic table, but here it is good enough to permit estimation of unknown heats of formation. For
CUTTING MILL
Table of ContentsHigh Capacity Variable Speed Cutting MillMethod of operation GrindingOperator & Safety FriendlyBenefits and applicationsBottom sievesFeatures and BenefitsApplicationsParticle Extraction EquipmentBottom sieves of various sizes Rotor and Stator knivesLaboratory Cutting MillFeatures and BenefitsVariable Speed Cutting MillApplications for what a Cutting Mill used for Before VS After Examples of Grinding with a Cutting MillCutting Mill SpecificationRotary Knife MillFeatures & BenefitsApplicationsRotary Knife Mill Method of Operation GrindingPractical, Convenient
Screw conveyor
The screw conveyor consists of a spiral blade attached to a shaft which revolves in a horizontal or inclined trough. Material fed into one end of the trough is pushed toward the other end by the rotating spiral. The shaft is mounted on bearings at each end and also in the middle, if the conveyor is long. Spirals used for
Bucket Elevators
Table of ContentsBucket Elevator ConveyorBucket Elevator ManufacturersChain Bucket ElevatorIndustrial Bucket ElevatorsBucket Elevator for SaleBucket Belt ElevatorBucket LifterHow to Size a Bucket ElevatorReplacement BucketsBucket Elevator Cost Bucket elevators are used for the elevation of dry or pulped ore. They consist of an endless chain or belt carrying the buckets vertically or at a steep angle. On reaching the top pulley they should
Mining Consultants List
Table of ContentsTop Mining ConsultantsMining Engineering Consultants Mining consultants play a major role in the feasibility, planning, design and construction, operation and improvement of both small and large mines. Consultants are experienced design engineers, mine designers, operating specialists or maintenance engineers who operate independently of operating mines. They are available to work on: mineral exploration projects, where start-up companies have not
How to Analyze Titanium Metal – Assaying
Table of ContentsChemical MethodsIron Reduction MethodSummaryReagentsProcedureNotesCalculationPrecision and AccuracyLead Reduction MethodSummaryReagentsProcedureNotesCalculationPrecision and AccuracyOptical Emission Spectrochemical InvestigationFluorescent X-Ray Spectrographic MethodSummaryInstruments and AccessoriesPreparation of StandardsPreparation of SamplesProceduresRatio TechniqueCount TechniquePrecision and AccuracyDiscussion The results of investigative work on chemical, optical emission spectrochemical, and X-ray spectrographic methods were presented. Of the two chemical methods studied, the iron reduction method is superior in both time required
Titanium-Vanadium Zirconium Alloys
Table of ContentsMaterials and Experimental ProceduresResults and Discussion A titanium alloy containing 10 a/o vanadium and 10 a/o zirconium has potential strength and heat treatability that merits further investigation. The titanium-10vanadium-10zirconium alloy, solution-treated at 600° C. is relatively sort, having a yield strength of 73,800 p.s.i. Aging 4 hours at 450° C. strengthens the alloy to a yield strength of