Blogs
Improve Titanium Sponge Quality
Table of ContentsDescription of ProcessPurification of TICl4Reduction of Purified TiCl4Byproduct Removal from Crude Titanium ChipsSummary of OperationSources and Effects of ImpuritiesRemoval of Atmospheric Contaminants from TiCl4Theoretical Aspects of DegassingDegassing MethodRaising Sulfiding TemperatureDegassing TiCl4 With Helium or ArgonResults of Degassing TestsInstruments for Analyzing Purity of TiCl4Prevention of Atmospheric Contaminants in Reduction OperationRemoval of Atmospheric Contaminants in Vacuum Distillation OperationMinimizing Moisture Contamination
Brown Iron Ore Mining
Table of ContentsProspecting and ExplorationMining and ProcessingTransportationProduction Rates and Percentage of ExtractionSawyer MineFore MineMine DrainageWages Operatives and EquipmentMarketing Ores Most brown-iron deposits of southern Missouri occur in residual materials resting on Jefferson City dolomite, Roubidoux sandstone, or Gasconade dolomite, all of the Ordovician system (see table 1). The residual materials, which consist mainly of clay, chert, and iron oxides, are
Titanium Vanadium Cobalt Alloys
Table of ContentsMaterials and Experimental ProceduresResults and Discussion Results of the study of titanium binary and ternary alloys containing vanadium and cobalt show that: Vanadium additions up to 16 weight-percent were insufficient to completely retain beta on water-quenching. Cobalt additions up to 4 weight-percent do not affect retention of the beta phase on water quenching Ti-V-Co alloys containing up to
How to Prepare High Purity Yttrium
Table of ContentsTheoretical ConsiderationsExperimental Procedures and ResultsChlorinationReductionLithium analysisMetal AnalysisMechanical Working This report does not constitute a finished investigation. Its purpose is to report on the status of current reduction studies and to demonstrate that high-purity ductile yttrium metal can be prepared by metallic reduction of yttrium chloride. Although both lithium and sodium have proved to be effective reductants, no conclusions
Phosphate Rock Properties
Table of ContentsElemental PhosphorusProperties and UsesManufacture of PhosphorusRaw Materials and Preparation of Furnace ChargeOperating StepsPhosphorus Recovery and CostByproductsDomestic ProductionPhosphoric AcidProperties of Phosphate RocksManufacture of Phosphoric Acid From Elemental PhosphorusEstimated Cost of ProductionManufacture of Phosphoric Acid by the Wet ProcessByproductsGypsumFluorine ProductsVanadiumUraniumEstimated Cost of ProductionDomestic Production of Phosphoric AcidPhosphatic FertilizersWater-Soluble PhosphatesNormal SuperphosphateConcentrated SuperphosphateAmmoniated SuperphosphatePhosphate-Nitrate FertilizersLiquid FertilizersCitrate-Soluble or Available PhosphatesMetaphosphatesDicalcium PhosphateDefluorinated and Fused
Nitric Acid Oxidation Rates of Coal
Table of ContentsExperimental WorkDescription of MethodSamplesResultsApplication of Standard Method To Selected CoalsApplication of Standard Method To Selected CokesApplication of Standard Method to Selected PlasticsApplication of Various Modifications of Standard Method to Selected Coals and Cokes Coals ranging in rank from lignite to anthracite, cokes carbonized at temperatures ranging from 520° to 1,180° C., and synthetic polymers have been oxidized by
How to Process Gold Ores by Heap Leaching & Carbon Adsorption Methods
Table of ContentsChemistry of CyanidationMineralogy of Gold OresGold Leaching Amenability TestingCyanide Heap-Leach OperationsGold-Silver Recovery From Process SolutionsEconomics of Heap-Leach OperationsCyanide Handling and DisposalRecent Innovations in Gold-Silver Recovery from Cyanide Process Solutions The heap leach cyanidation carbon adsorption electrowinning process developed has proved to be an economical method for exploiting low-grade gold ores and small isolated deposits not suitable for treatment
Sodium Chloride in Explosives
Table of ContentsProcedureValidity of the Up-and-Down MethodEffect of Quantity of Sodium ChlorideEffect of Particle Size of Sodium Chloride Based on the analysis of the W50 values of 65 permissible-type formulations, with and without added sodium chloride of various particle sizes, it was concluded that: The addition of sodium chloride to an explosive has a highly significant effect in reducing its
Determining Lime Magnesia and Titania in Slags
Table of ContentsPreliminary Treatment of SampleProcedure AStep 1-AStep 2-AStep 3-AProcedure BStep 1-BDetermination of Lime (CaO)Reagents RequiredTitration ProcedureDetermination Of Magnesia (MgO)Reagents RequiredTitration ProcedureStandardization of Edta Titrating SolutionDetermination of Titania (TiO2)Discussion of ResultsConclusions Standard methods of analysis for calcium and magnesium are involved and time consuming and generally require considerable analytical skill. Investigation of possible alternatives more suitable for rapid routine application
Vacuum Distillation – Remove Volatile Metals
Table of ContentsVolatility of Metals and AlloysExperimental ProcedureExperiments on Comparative Behavior of Volatile MetalsDistillation of Cadmium from Lead and TinDistillation of Magnesium from Lead and TinDistillation of Lead from Tin The rate of evaporation of a volatile metal from a metallic solution containing less volatile metals is determined by its partial pressure and its diffusivity. The concentration of a volatile
How to Reduce Titanium Tetrachloride
Table of ContentsTheoretical AspectsReduction of Titanium Tetrachloride With SodiumHigh-Surface SodiumPractical ConsiderationsApparatusTitanium Tetrachloride SystemSodium SystemReactorHeat-Exchange SystemProduct-Discharge MechanismMaterials for ReductionExperimental ProcedureAnalytical MethodsResults and Discussion This investigation has demonstrated that finely divided titanium metal, titanium lower chlorides, or a mixture thereof can be produced at a temperature between 105° and 205° C. in a continuous operation. The relative quantities of metallic titanium and
Hot Potassium Carbonate Absorption
Table of ContentsRates of AbsorptionEquilibrium DataSolubility of Gases in Hot Carbonate SolutionCorrosionPilot-Plant OperationEquipmentPilot-Plant ResultsTypical Data With Various Feed GasesDegree of Removal of Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen SulfideConcentration of Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide Along the AbsorberRemoval of Carbonyl SulfideSelective or Final Hydrogen Sulfide Removal Hot carbonate purification will remove hydrogen sulfide from gas mixtures of low or high concentration of
Smelting Unfired Iron Ore Pellets
Table of ContentsPreparation of PelletsExperimental Smelting OperationExperimental ResultsIndustrial Application Fines and concentrates must be consolidated or agglomerated into larger masses before they can be smelted in a commercial blast furnace. Such agglomeration is usually done by sintering, pelletizing, nodulizing, or briquetting. Sintering has been the more common practice, but with the advent of taconite concentrates pelletizing is increasing in importance.
Pressure Leaching of Uranium
Table of ContentsMill DescriptionAir Oxidation StudiesStudy of Chemical OxidantsOxidation-Reduction Theory for Alkaline PulpsResults Obtained in First Plant Tests Early studies in the carbonate leaching of uranium ores led to the investigation of pressure leaching as a method to enhance the dissolution of the metal values in this system. The initial investigations conducted at the University of British Columbia supplemented by
Improve Hydraulic Backfill Characteristics with Flocculants
Table of ContentsLaboratory Investigation of Fl0cculantsGeneral Discussion of FlocculationDefinitionsNature of the TailingsExperimental ProcedureSelection of ReagentsDiscussion of Test ResultsSettling and Percolation RatesEffects of Flocculation and Agitation on Pulp Behavior Two practical methods for controlling the physical properties of mill tailings for underground stope backfill may be used. The first is classification to remove objectionably fine size fractions, and is commonly employed.
Rare Earth Oxide Bastnasite
Table of ContentsSource of Bastnasite ConcentrateChemical Processing of Bastnasite ConcentrateChemical Separation of Rare-Earth Elements from BastnasiteIon-Exchange SeparationsSolvent-Extraction Separations A bastnasite concentrate, containing about 60 percent rare earth oxides, was sulfated with concentrated sulfuric acid to eliminate the carbon dioxide, fluorine, and silica. Calcination at 1,200° F. made the gangue matter insoluble, thus permitting the separation of the soluble rare-earth sulfates.
How to Convert Nickel Oxide to Nickel Metal
Table of ContentsLaboratory and Pilot-Plant InvestigationsLaboratory Tests on Production of Nickel Metal from Nickel OxidePreliminary Reduction TestsSagger EvaluationOperating ConditionsPreliminary Melting TestsPilot-Plant Production of Sponge NickelEquipment and FacilitiesSuppliesPreparation of MaterialsProcedureOperationsPilot-Plant Production of Nickel Ingots From Sponge NickelMelting and RefiningCosts Sponge nickel can be produced by gaseous or solid-fuel reduction or a combination of both. Although pelletized nickel oxide was reduced in
High Speed Camera in Rock Blasting
Table of ContentsDescription of EquipmentHigh-Speed Photographic EquipmentProjection EquipmentTheory of MeasurementsCorrection for Camera OrientationGravity EffectsScale FactorTime of Initial MovementField Operating ProcedureAnalysis Procedure The breaking of rock by explosives occurs so rapidly that the details of the phenomenon cannot be observed by the unaided eye. High- (frame-) speed motion pictures offer a means of slowing down the blasting action so that the
Boron Crystallography
Table of ContentsChemical and Spectrographic AnalysesX-ray TechniqueEquipmentDataAnalysis of DataIndexingConversion of Rhombohedral IndicesVerification of Results In connection with its continuing studies of the characteristics of alloys and alloying elements, we investigated the crystal structure of fused boron. This Boron Crystallography report describes how the structure of fused boron was found to be rhombohedral by the powder method for crystal-structure determinations by
Euxenite Metallurgy
Table of ContentsExperimental Procedures and ResultsExtraction by ChlorinationEquipmentProcedure and ResultsSeparation of Tantalum and ColumbiumEquipmentProcedure and ResultsPurification of Rare-Earth ProductProcedure and Results for Small-Scale TestsEquipmentProcedure and ResultsPurification of Uranium ProductEquipmentProcedure and Results Results of this study demonstrate that multiple-oxide minerals can be processed to usable compounds by the techniques described in this paper. The chlorination procedure offers an efficient method for
Electrowinning Molybdenum & Tungsten
Table of ContentsIntroduction to Electrowinning MolybdenumElectrowinning Molybdenum Experimental ProcedureCharacter of Metal DepositedElectrolyte CompositionAlkali Phosphate ElectrolyteAlkali Phosphate Borate ElectrolyteSodium Tetraborate ElectrolyteEffect of Temperature on Current Efficiency and YieldBorate Electrolyte and ScheeliteAlkali Phosphate Electrolyte and ScheeliteEffect of Current Density on Current Efficiency and YieldAlkali Phosphate Electrolyte and Tungsten TrioxideAlkali Phosphate Electrolyte and Synthetic ScheeliteAlkali Phosphate Electrolyte High- and Low-Molybdenum-Content ScheeliteEffect of Current
Tungsten Mining Method & Cost
Table of ContentsThe OreMethods of ExplorationDevelopment and MiningGeneral DevelopmentDevelopment DetailsStopingUnderground TransportationAuxiliary OperationsProductionVentilationMine DrainageFire PreventionSafety Methods And First-Aid OrganizationSummary of Costs The principal ore deposits occur in the bands and isolated pods of tactite adjacent to the granite on the west side of the south stock. The tactite bodies exposed around the north stock are narrow and discontinuous, although one series
How to Improve & Aid Slurry Filtration by Flocculation
Table of ContentsDescription of FlocculantsFiltration with Test-Leaf ApparatusDescription of Apparatus and Test ProcedureTests With Crow’s Nest Pass SlurryTests With Roslyn-Cascade SlurryTests With Black Diamond SlurryExperiments With Synthetic SlurriesFiltration With Disk FilterDescription of Apparatus and Test ProcedureDisk-Filter Test Results The experimental results appear to support two principal conclusions: First, the three natural and three synthetic slurries tested all exhibited individual filtration
Gypsum Mining Method & Cost
Table of ContentsDescription of DepositsMining MethodsQuarrying – GeneralOperations of Individual PropertiesUnited States Gypsum Co.GeneralExplorationDevelopment and MiningBestwall Gypsum Co.GeneralExplorationDevelopment and MiningNational Gypsum Co.GeneralExplorationDevelopment and Mining Gypsum and its products are economical materials in their respective fields. Lime and hydraulic cement plasters compete to a limited extent with gypsum in the plaster field. Lime is used today in construction, chiefly as an