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Fluorescent Spectrographs Analysis
Table of ContentsTheoretical CalculationsEvaluation of TermsSample CalculationExperimental InvestigationsK Spectral Lines for Lower Atomic Number ElementsK and L Intensities From the Same ElementL and M Intensities From the Same Element Until several years ago the fluorescent X-ray spectrographer was limited to the K series for elements of atomic numbers 22-60 and to the L series for higher atomic number elements. Upon
How to Make Rare Earth Chloride
Table of ContentsDescription of ProcessExperimental Procedure and ResultsCerium SeparationPreparation of Rare-Earth HydroxidesOxidation of Cerium to TetravalencyAcid Leaching of Trivalent Rare-Earth Elements From Hydrous Ceric OxideRefining Acid-Leach Residue to Pure Cerium Dioxide A major overall objective of the Bureau’s research program on rare-earth elements is to make ultrapure individual rare-earth metals and compounds and to determine some of their properties—properties that
Rare Earth Spectrometer
Table of ContentsAnalytical ApparatusSelection of Analytical Line PairsChoice of Internal Standard and Stabilization BufferAnalytical ProcedureExcitation ParametersEmulsion Development and CalibrationStandard and Sample PreparationPreparation of Working Curves and AnalysisResults and Discussion Interest in the separation, purification, reduction, and metallurgy of the various lanthanide rare-earth elements has necessitated developing sensitive and flexible instrument-analysis techniques . The widely accepted analytical application of the spectrograph
Separating Rare Earth Elements
Table of ContentsExperimental ProcedureResults and DiscussionResin Crosslinkage and Eluant Flow RateResin-Bed ShapeSeparating IonsConclusions Bastnasite rare earths are now being utilized to a limited extent as a source of rare-earth materials used in the steel industry; but advances in the technology of separating the rare-earth elements from each other will make the individual elements available in adequate supply for engineering evaluation
Shaft Sinking
Table of ContentsPurpose of Mine ShaftGeology and Physical Characteristics of RocksShaft SiteShaft SinkingPreparationShaft-Sinking PeriodDrillingBlastingMuckingTimberingPumping1050-Level StationSupervision and LaborSafetyCosts and Performance DataShaft Sinking EQUIPMENTHistoryGeologyMining MethodsUndercuttingDrillingBlastingMuckingShuttle-Car TransportationConveyor TransportationTransportation of Men and MaterialsRoof BoltingPowerServicesMine ProductionVentilationSinking No. 3 ShaftSurface Plant and EquipmentOffice, Warehouse, Etc.CompressorsHoist and HeadframeCraneConcrete-Mixing PlantCarriageMiscellaneous Surface InstallationsPowerDrilling and BlastingLoadingConcretingDrainageManpowerEquipment MaintenanceConsumption of MaterialsRate of AdvanceAccident Prevention This paper is one of a series prepared
Recover Magnesium and Cadmium by Vacuum Distillation
Table of ContentsComposition of Condensate as Determined by Molal Composition of Charge and Vapor Pressures of Charge ConstituentsSimple Distillation ExperimentsSegregation of Constituents in CondensatesFractional Distillation ExperimentsExperiments With Vapor BaffleDescription of Vapor BaffleDistillation into a Temperature-Controlled Condenser Vacuum distillation tests on a magnesium alloy containing 20 percent cadmium indicated that it would not be practicable to separate the two metals by
Bauxitic Kaolins Properties
Table of ContentsPreparation of SamplesDescription and Identification of SamplesScreen AnalysesChemical AnalysesMineral CompositionDry-Press RefractoriesPreparation and FiringPhysical TestingPyrometric Cone EquivalentCompressive StrengthModulus of Rupture and Fired ShrinkageReheat ChangeRefractoriness Under LoadThermal ShockThermal ExpansionResults of Physical TestingClay BlendsPreparation and TestingResults of Blending TestsRefractory SpecialtiesAir-Set MortarRefractory CastablePlastic Refractories Although there are many potential ceramic uses for kaolinitic materials of the type occurring in the Eufaula district,
Cathodic Protection
Table of ContentsSoil ResistivityGround-Resistance MeasurementsCathodic ProtectionGalvanic AnodesElectrolytic AnodesFacets of a Cathodic Protective SystemStray Currents, Bonding, and Protective Grounding Loss of metal and damage to buried metal structures because of corrosive action is, to a large extent, determined by the soil resistivity in the immediate vicinity of the structure. The intensity of corrosive action is inversely proportional to the soil resistivity;
Titanium Electrorefining
Table of ContentsElectrolyte Preparation and Cell AdditionsStandard Operating ProcedureExperimental DataConclusion The development of a fused-salt Titanium Electrorefining technique to recover hyperpurity titanium from offgrade sponge and mill scrap, under investigation by the Federal Bureau of Mines Electrometallurgical Experimental Station at Boulder City, Nev., for several years has been described in many publications. This report describes the investigations to obtain greater
Volumetric Assay Determination of Uranium
Table of ContentsUranium SolutionCeric Sulfate SolutionPreparation and Use of ReductorsLead ReductorJones ReductorApplication of Fisher TitrimeterSeparation By Hf PrecipitationDouble HF PrecipitationDissolution and Final ReductionTitration ProcedureApplication of MethodDecomposition of SampleSeparations and Titration According to Katz and Rabinowitch, workers do not agree as to the solubility of uranium tetrafluoride. However, the conditions under which solubility data were obtained were not always the same.
Electrorefining Titanium Electrowinning
Table of ContentsBinary-Alloy PreparationElectrorefining ProcedureElements in the First GroupElements in the Second GroupElements in the Third Group This series of investigations was exploratory in nature, as all variables that might influence alloy-element transfer were not examined. The test show, that, under the conditions described, titanium can be refined almost completely from molybdenum, tin, and zirconium; that refining from aluminum and
Nickel and Cobalt Electrolytic Separation
Table of ContentsExperimental Procedure and Discussion of ResultsOriginal and Synthetic Nicaro MaterialsNickel Sulfate-Cobalt Sulfate ElectrolytesNickel Sulfate-Cobalt Sulfate-Ammonium Persulfate-Ammonium Fluoride ElectrolytesNickel Carbonate-Cobalt Carbonate Solubility TestsNickel Sulfate-Ammonium Fluoride ElectrolytesAmmonium Fluoride ElectrolytesNickel Chloride-Cobalt Chloride ElectrolytesElectrolysisElectrodialysisSynthetic Nicaro Liquor ElectrolytesDetermination of Decomposition Potentials for Nickel and Cobalt ElectrolytesCyanide and Phosphate ElectrolytesNickel Sulfate-Cobalt Sulfate-Potassium Sulfate-Potassium Dichromate ElectrolytesAmmonium Sulfate ElectrolytesNickel Sulfate – Boric Acid ElectrolytesSelective Precipitation of
Phosphate Rock Fluorine Removal
Table of ContentsPhosphate-Rock Beneficiation ResearchLaboratory ScaleFlotation TestsDesliming TestsPilot-Plant ScaleDefluorination TestsLaboratory ScaleSan Francisco Phosphate RockSimplot Phosphate RockPilot-Plant ScaleShaft-Furnace TestsRotary Kiln TestsFluorine-Recovery TestsLaboratory ScalePreliminary ExperimentsProduction of Synthetic CryolitePilot-Plant ScaleUse Tests of Defluorinated Phosphate RockUse As a FertilizerUse as a Mineral Supplement in Animal RationsDiscussion of Test Results and ConclusionsBeneficiation TestsDefluorination TestsFluorine-Recovery TestsUse Tests Numerous patents and references may be found that relate
Copper Gold Sulfide Ore – Flotation & Cyanidation Tests
Table of ContentsPreliminary Cyanidation TestsFlotation of CopperFlotation of Gold with Copper“Scavenger” Flotation of ColdCyanidation of Fl0tation ProductsCyanidation of Copper Flotation TailingCyanidation of ”Scavenger” Concentrates Grinding the ore to minus 100-mesh gave satisfactory liberation of the minerals. Standard flotation procedure with potassium ethyl xanthate, cresylic acid, and lime produced good-grade copper concentrates with over 85 percent recovery of copper and about 60
Cornstarch Explosibility
Table of ContentsDescription of TestsTest SamplesResults of InvestigationEffect of Dust ConcentrationEffect of MoistureEffect of Particle SizeExplosibllity of Oil-Treated CornstarchEffect of Addition of Calcium CarbonateRelease of Explosion Pressures Laboratory experiments were conducted with cornstarch to study the effects of duet concentration, moisture, particle size, treatment with oil, and admixture of calcium carbonate on the dust-explosion hazard. One series of tests were
How to Measure Flotation Cell Aeration
Present flotation processes depend almost entirely on the buoyant properties of air bubbles to effect separations of mineral and gangue, but there is no convenient method for measuring aeration in flotation cells. Consequently the relation between aeration and cell performance has not been definitely established. In connection with a comparative study of kerosene and froth flotation processes, a modification of
Black Sand Minerals in Gold Placer Deposit
Table of ContentsHistoryLocation and AccessibilityPhysical Features and ClimateDrillingLaboratory Procedure at Spokane, Wash.Laboratory Procedure at Albany, Oreg.Description of DepositSize of DepositGeneral GeologyMineralogyAnalytical Results This report describes work done as part of a Bureau of Mines program to appraise the titanium-mineral resources of Idaho. The work included both field reconnaissance and a spot churn-drilling program. Much general information was available, as a
Beryllium Determination
Table of ContentsExperimentalSample PreparationThe MethodAccuracy and Reproducibility The main source of beryllium in pegmatite is the mineral, beryl. Many of the conventional methods for the determination of beryllium in beryl are not suitable for control purposes because of lack of speed and accuracy, especially in the range below a few tenths percent. Beryl resists the usual chemical attack and can
How to Recover Mercury from Cinnabar Stibnite Ore
Table of ContentsConcentrationThe OrePhysical CharacterChemical CharacterProcedureResultsExtraction of Mercury from Cinnabar-Stibnite ConcentratePreliminary Roasting TestsTemperatureRetention TimeSpace RateGas CompositionAddition of Air to Exit GasesCondenser ProductsCondenser LossesContinuous-Roasting TestResults and ObservationsExtraction of Mercury from Cinnabar ConcentratePreliminary Roasting Tests Generalized conclusions cannot be drawn from the laboratory studies about the economic feasibility of extracting mercury by a combined flotation and fluidized-bed roasting process. The 94 percent
Ferric Chloride Trap
This paper discusses the design and use of the ferric chloride trap. The operation is simple and self-adjusting. The rock-salt column is self-cleaning and will remove ferric chloride, other impurity chlorides, and dust from gaseous titanium tetrachloride. The losses of titanium are low, and the molten mixture is easy to handle. The trap is placed in the hot gas stream
Crushing Granite
Table of ContentsExploration and Estimation of ReservesDevelopment and MiningGeneralRemoval of OverburdenPrimary Drilling and BlastingSecondary BreakageQuarry Loading and TransportationProcessingGeneralPrimary CrushingSecondary Crushing, Screening, and StorageBlending and LoadingMaintenance and RepairsAuxiliary OperationsSupervision, Engineering, and Office PersonnelLabor DistributionPower Distribution The quarry is located in the western part of the Piedmont Plateau. Geologically, this province is described by Watson as an area of highly metamorphosed sedimentary
How to Concentrate Mercury
Table of ContentsPhysicalChemicalConcentrationFlotationDistillationSummaryPhysicalChemicalConcentrationPhysicalChemicalConcentrationSummaryNature of OrePhysicalChemicalConcentrationNature of OrePhysicalChemicalConcentrationNature of OrePhysicalChemicalConcentrationDense MediumFlotationConclusions Most mercury ores are directly roasted or retorted for recovery of metallic mercury without preliminary concentration. Recoveries are high, often approaching 100 percent; the cost is nominal. The tenor of domestic mercury ores, however, has been dropping steadily, so that the estimated average heads are now about 0.35 percent Hg
How to Prepare Thin Rock Sections
Table of ContentsPreparation of a Rock Slice for MountingPreparation of Friable and Altered Hocks for MountingPreparation of the Glass Slide for MountingMounting Rock Slice on Frosted-Glass SlideGrinding Mounted Rock SliceMounting the Cover GlassThin-Section Smears of Loose Crushed Grains In this recommended method of preparing a thin section the operator begins by obtaining a rock slice approximately 1 inch in diameter
How to Make Chromium Metal – Metallurgy
Table of ContentsProduction Methods For Chromium MetalCarbon Reduction of Chromium OxideChromium by Dissociation of Chromium NitrideFusion ElectrolysisChromium from AmalgamDissociation of Chromium IodideChromium Oxide Reduction with MetalsHydrogen Reduction of the ChloridesChromium Chloride Reduction by MetalsReduction of Chromium Chloride with MagnesiumPurification of High-grade Chromium by Hydrogen TreatmentProduction of Pure Chromium from Chloride on a Commercial Scale Aluminothermic or silicothermic processes used for