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How to Identify the Surface Texture of Rock
Table of ContentsThe Texture of SurfacesEquipmentProcedure Model studies, using rock, require carefully prepared specimens. Most preparation procedures use some form of grinding or polishing as the last of several steps. During these steps, particularly the final one, the surface formed acquires a configuration defined as texture. Texture is a composite term identifying the physical features called flaws, lay, waviness, and
Electrorefining Yttrium
Tests on electrorefining of yttrium were performed in LiCl-YCl3 electrolytes at 710° C, and the deposits were subjected to vacuum-distillation at 880°C to remove salt from the metal. A comparison of the analyses of the anode feed and the product metal indicates that all metallic impurities were substantially lowered, but oxygen was reduced appreciably only in metal produced from electrolytes
Chlorination Of Ferrochromium
Table of ContentsExperimental ProceduresApparatusPreparation of ChargeChlorination ProcedureLeaching ProcedureExperimental Results Low-temperature chlorination of three types of ferrochromium at 340° to 525° C chlorinated an average of 89 percent of the chromium and 95 percent of the iron contents of the feed materials. From 81.9 to 91.6 percent of the iron was removed by sublimation as FeCl3. The reactor product was a
Zinc Copper Titanium Alloys Cast
Table of ContentsCasting Experimental Ingots With the Semi-continuous Casting MachineIngot MicrostructureChemical AnalysisIngot HardnessSolidification Rate ExperimentsRolling of Slabs from Semicontinuous-Cast Ingots Sound ingots of Zn-Cu-Ti alloys can be semi-continuously cast under appropriate conditions. A modified mold design on a specially constructed, semi-continuous casting stand has permitted casting of ingots having adequate surface quality. With the experimental equipment described, pouring temperatures near
Ammonium Nitrate ANFO Electric Detonation
Table of ContentsDiscussion and Description of the ProblemsFiring of Electric Blasting CapsNature of Charging SourceNature of CapacitorsTime ConstantsSignificant Aspects of the Loader and Its OperatorCharge in the BoreholeExperimental Methods and ResultsRecommended Practices and Procedures for Minimizing Electrostatic Hazard Accidental firings of explosive initiators have occurred occasionally with some uncertain correlation to the pneumatic loading of ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (AN-FO) blasting
Determining Compressive Strength of Rock
Table of ContentsSample Preparation And Testing ProcedureSpecimen VariablesNonparallel EndsRoughened EndsExternal VariablesEnd Platen InfluenceSpherical Head Friction The major conclusion to be drawn from the four series of tests is that reasonable care in preparing specimens and conducting compression tests on a hydraulic machine will provide an acceptable compressive strength value for most applications. For normal uniaxial compression tests, nonparallel ends, end
How to Use Heat to Separate Copper from Steel Scrap
Table of ContentsExperimental Procedures and ResultsStatic Tests Above Melting Point of CopperDynamic Tests Above Melting Point of CopperThermal Treatment Below the Melting Point of CopperMagnetic Separation of Scale FractionsMiscellaneous Embrittlement Tests We initiated a program was concerned with the utilization and disposal of steel scrap, as the pollution and unsightliness caused by the accumulation of steel scrap in junkyards. Maybe
Electrowinning Neodymium
Table of ContentsCell Design and OperationElectrowinning Low-Melting Rare-Earth MetalsPreparation of Alloys by Direct ElectrolysisElectrowinning High-Melting Rare-Earth MetalsContinuous Electrowinning of Cerium and LanthanumProduct Quality Cells were designed and successfully operated on a laboratory scale for electrowinning high-purity neodymium, praseodymium, and didymium, as well as the higher melting-point metals, gadolinium, dysprosium, and yttrium. The elements were prepared from their oxides, dissolved in
Separate Nickel and Cobalt by Electrorefining
Table of ContentsEquipmentElectrolyteOperational ProcedureExperimental ResultsElectrolysis in a Helium Atmosphere CellFactors Involved in the Selective Deposition of NickelCobalt Concentration of the ElectrolyteAnode DissolutionComposition of Anode MaterialEffect of Cathode Current DensityRecovery of Cobalt from the ElectrolyteHigh-Purity Nickel PreparationElectrolysis in Normal Atmosphere CellComparison of Refining in Normal and Helium Atmosphere Cells The electrolytic separation of nickel and cobalt by electrorefining in a molten
Copper Hydrometallurgy
Table of ContentsChemistry of LeachingFactors for Successful LeachingUnderground LeachingConventionalProject SloopEstimated Costs for Nuclear Fracturing and In-Situ LeachingDump LeachingCementation EquipmentConsumption of Iron and Sulfuric AcidAcidSponge IronScrap IronCost Data for Conventional PracticesGeneralPeruvian Mine WatersIn-Situ Leaching in ArizonaCost of Marketable Copper from U.S. Dump LeachingSolvent Extraction of Leach SolutionsIdeologyCarboxylic Acids and Naphthenic AcidLIX-63 ReagentLIX-64 ReagentCost Estimates Using LIX-64 ReagentIon-Exchange Resins for Copper RecoveryMiscellaneous
Recover Copper from Oxides using Iron and Steel Scrap
Table of ContentsPrinciples of Ferrothermic ReductionExperimental ProceduresResults and DiscussionEffect of TemperatureEffect of Reactant ProportionsEffect of Physical Form of the ReductantEffect of Gaseous Environment For the past two decades, about one-third of the copper consumed in the United States has been imported. In order to meet the Nation’s demand, new and improved methods of copper extraction must be found. Ferrothermic extraction
Arsenic Assay Determination by Colorimetric Method
Table of ContentsProceduresISO Recommendation No. 601ReagentsWet Oxidation ProcedureColorimetric DeterminationMgO AshingNitric Acid ExtractionResultsComparison of Three MethodsArsenic in Float- and Sink-FractionsHigh-Temperature Ashing Tests Because of its poisonous qualities, the arsenic which is sometimes present in coal and in the atmospheric dust resulting from coal combustion can present a threat to health. As part of its continuing program to reduce health hazards in
Chrysoberyl Flotation
Table of ContentsMaterials and Test MethodsMaterialsMineralsReagentsTest MethodsResultsContact AngleAnionic SurfactantsSodium OleateSodium Isooctyl PhosphateSodium Heptadecyl SulfateSodium Dodecyl Benzene SulfonateSodium Dioctyl SulfosuccinateFatty Acid AmideCationic SurfactantsPrimary AminesOther Cationic SurfactantsAmphoteric and Nonionic SurfactantsMicroflotationAnionic SurfactantsSodium OleateSodium Isooctyl PhosphateSodium Heptadecyl SulfateSodium Alkyl SulfonateSodium Dioctyl SulfosuccinateCationic SurfactantsPrimary AminesDiamineTertiary Alkyl AmineQuaternary Amine In contact-angle research, 10 of the 17 surfactants evaluated proved to be collectors for Chrysoberyl Flotation. With
Copper Leaching Practices
Table of ContentsMineralogy of Raw MaterialsChemical ReactionsMethods of LeachingDump LeachingEmplacement of DumpsGround PreparationMethod of Dump EmplacementPhysical Nature of DumpsSize of Leach MaterialGeometry and Volume of DumpsSettling of DumpsLeaching OperationLeach SolutionMethods of Solution IntroductionDistribution of Solutions in DumpsTemperature of Leach SolutionsInfluence of BacteriaControl of Iron Salts in SolutionPregnant LiquorOperational Control During LeachingHeap LeachingEmplacement of HeapsGround PreparationMethod of Heap EmplacementPhysical Nature of
Amalgam Electrorefining of Zinc & Tin
Table of ContentsProcedure and EquipmentResults and Discussion The following conclusions are drawn from the results of the laboratory tests of amalgam electrorefining of zinc and tin: Amalgam electrorefining is a method by which these metals may be refined to total metal impurity concentrations of less than 5 ppm in zinc and 9 ppm in tin. The suitability of metal for
High Temperature Electrostatic Precipitator
Table of ContentsEquipmentProcedureOperationsResultsDiscussion Industrial precipitators utilizing negative corona operate at maximum voltage to attain highest efficiency in removing finely divided particles from gas streams. Usage, however, is limited to applications at temperatures to about 1,000° F. Therefore, in conjunction with other work for processing coal at high temperatures, the Bureau of Mines sought to extend the applicability of precipitators for
Small Particle Size Minerals Magnetic Separation
Table of ContentsBasis of DesignMagnetization Time and Field IntensityMagnetization Time and Separation SelectivityUtilization of Particle MomentumProcedure and ResultsConstruction DetailExperimental ResultsRelative Effect of Various VariablesCondition 1Condition 2 By using the magnetization delay factor and the acquired momentum of the particle, minerals may be separated with magnetic susceptibilities within the diamagnetic susceptibility range. Unlike the rotating drum of the induced roll separators
Method for removing aluminum from diecast scrap
Table of ContentsSystem 1— FeCl3 + NaClTheoretical ConsiderationsExperimental Procedure and EquipmentResultsAlternate ProcedureSystem 2—Fe2O3 + CaCl2 + NaClSystem 3-Spent Sal SkimmingsTheoretical ConsiderationsExperimental Procedure and EquipmentResults Zinc-base die-cast scrap represents the largest single source of secondary zinc. A large part of the die-cast scrap originates from grills, fuel pumps, carburetors, trim, and hardware from scrapped automobiles and other machinery, or from punchings
Joining Refractory Metal Compounds by Hot Pressing
Table of ContentsCharacter of Materials and ProductsAnalyses of Starting MaterialsSpectrographic and Gaseous ImpuritiesCompound IdentificationParticle-Size DistributionPycnometric DensityVacuum-Hot-Pressed ProductsPhysical and Mechanical PropertiesBulk DensityThermal ExpansionThermal-Shock ResistanceStrengthChemical PropertiesMelting PointOxidation BehaviorCompatibility of MaterialsCold-Pressed and Vacuum-Sintered BodiesVacuum-Hot-Pressed BodiesX- Ray Diffraction and Metallographic ExaminationsFifty Percent ZrC + Fifty Percent ZrNFifty Percent ZrN + Fifty Percent ZrB2Fifty Percent ZrC + Fifty Percent ZrB2Fabrication of Graded JointsPrefabrication of Joint
Induction Melting of Titanium
Table of ContentsDiscussionDescription of EquipmentMelting Procedure and Results The primary purpose of the research covered by this report was the development of a method for induction melting titanium in a water-cooled copper crucible. The results reported represent findings obtained during the melting of a minimum number of ingots; therefore, only tentative conclusions can be drawn regarding the effects on metal
Recycle & Recover Titanium Chlorination Residues
Table of ContentsExperimental Procedure and ResultsLeachingChlorination Approximately one-half of the weight of the sludge generated in the commercial production of purified TiCl4 from rutile can be recycled with a coincident diminution of waste disposal problems and the more efficient utilization of TiO2 and carbon in the processing operation. The sludge can be separated into soluble and insoluble fractions by water
Drillability – Percussion Drilling
Table of ContentsPhysical Properties of Rocks DrilledResults and DiscussionEffects of Thrust on Penetration RateEffects of Operating Air Pressure on Penetration RateRelationship Between Physical Properties and Penetration Rate Penetration rate is increased by an increase in applied thrust up to an optimum point after which penetration decreases until the drill eventually stalls. Higher operating pressures result in increased penetration rates with
Ferrous Iron Oxidation Acid Mine Water by Activated Carbon
Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsExperimental ProcedureTest Results The exploratory tests conducted with activated carbon and a ferruginous acid mine water indicate that ferrous iron oxidation takes place catalytically at an extremely rapid rate. The brevity of this study did not allow defining the reaction kinetics, or resolving the various factors affecting the activated carbon-air-acid mine water system. The favorable preliminary results warrant
How to Dismantle Junk Cars for Scrap
Table of ContentsComposite AutomobileDismantling StudiesRecovery and Value of Metals in the Composite CarFerrous Components and ValuesNonferrous Components and ValuesPostulated Scrap Yard OperationsCost Evaluation The proposed complete dismantling of the car removes all copper-containing parts; hence, the bales prepared from the clean ferrous metals should contain only the 0.07 percent copper that is in solid solution in the steel. As the