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How Mercury Flows in Porous Media
Table of ContentsTheoryClear ChannelsPorous MediaExperimental Procedure and Results After studying the factors which influence oil recovery from petroleum reservoirs and since the flow behavior of fluids in petroleum reservoir rock depends to a large extent on the properties of the rock, techniques of core study that yield new or additional information on the characteristics of the rock would contribute to
Dispersion Strengthened Copper
Table of ContentsCoprecipitationAir Firing and Hydrogen ReductionPressing and SinteringExtrusion and SwagingTensile and Hardness MeasurementsStress-Rupture MeasurementsElectrical ConductivityDensity In accordance with a program for developing new materials required for emerging technologies, an investigation was undertaken to determine the properties of dispersion-strengthened copper. The copper contained either alumina or yttria as a dispersoid and was prepared by coprecipitation-a potential method for commercial production.
Solvent Extraction of Nickel and Zinc
Table of ContentsMaterials and ProceduresChemistry of the ExtractionsEquipment and ProcedureReagentsExperimental ResultsInvestigation of Solvent- Extraction VariablespH of Aqueous PhaseContact TimeOrganic/Aqueous Volume RatioSolvent ConcentrationTheoretical Extraction Stages RequiredContinuous, Countercurrent Extraction and Recovery of Zinc and NickelSolution ASolution B, Test 1Solution B, Test 2Solvent LossRecovery of Phosphate and Nitrate from Final Raffinate Solvent extraction of a waste solution from the phosphating of automobile bodies
Scrap Tire Distillation
Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsDescription and Analyses of Raw MaterialsEquipment and ProcedureResults and DiscussionYields of Carbonization ProductsResidueGasHeavy OilsLight Oils Destructive distillation was demonstrated to be a technically feasible method of disposing of and obtaining potentially valuable products from scrap automobile and truck tires. The relative amounts of the various products were shown to be highly dependent on the temperature of carbonization. Highest
How to Stabilize Uranium Tailings
Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsEnvironmental ConsiderationsDetermination of Stabilization ApproachChemical TestingOnsite Application of ChemicalsObservation of ResultsCost of Treatment An environmental radiological survey was conducted on the El Paso Natural Gas Co. uranium tailings pile at Tuba City, Ariz., in May 1967, by the South-western Radiological Health Laboratory of the Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW). As the abstract
Silver Chloride & Silver Bromide Thermodynamic
Adequate values for the standard heats and entropies of formation of silver chloride and silver bromide are available. However, thermodynamic calculations involving these substances have been hampered by the lack of accurate high-temperature enthalpy and entropy data. The enthalpy and heat capacity results reported in the literature are fragmentary and conflicting. As part of a Bureau of Mines heavy metals
Recover Metals from Electroplating Wastes
Table of ContentsComposition of WastesExperimental Procedures and ResultsWaste-Plus-Waste Treatment MethodOther Waste-Plus-Waste Combinations The waste-plus-waste treatment method can be successfully used on a variety of acid and alkaline electroplating wastes. The method is economically attractive because of the low cost of the waste-plus-waste addition step: No additional reagents are necessary, and the metal values are concentrated. In the five waste-plus-waste combinations
Convert Hydrous Calcium Sulfate to Hydrogen Sulfide
Table of ContentsMaterials and MethodsSulfate SourcesMediumBacteriaFlask StudiesFermentor StudiesResults and DiscussionEffect of pHEffect of TemperatureCarbon Source StudyMedium Exchange RateEffect of Sweeping Gas Upon Hydrogen Sulfide ProductionEffect of Hydrous Calcium Sulfate Solubility Upon Hydrogen Sulfide ProductionFermentor Design During the period 1960-65 sulfur consumption in the United States rose 40 percent to 7.96 million long tons. Since 1963, while demand has exceeded production,
How to Measure Surface Tension of Molten Metals
Table of ContentsCapillary PreparationBubble Chamber We been performing research on soft soldering with the objective of improving the strength of solder joints at elevated temperatures and pressures. Surface or interfacial phenomena and the factors affecting these phenomena are of major importance in soldering and brazing. A knowledge of the surface tension of the molten materials involved, such as the filler
Chalcocite Oxidation Roasting
Table of ContentsUnpelletized ConcentrateRaw MaterialsCold Tube FluidizationHot FluidizationExperimental Work—Pelletized ConcentratePelletizingDrum Kiln TestsContinuous Fluid-Bed Roasting The Bureau of Mines Twin Cities Metallurgy Research Center is engaged in a study to uncover a cleaner, more direct pyrometallurgical process for winning copper from sulfides. The .initial target is low-sulfur concentrates containing primarily chalcocite (Cu2S). Development work, still in progress, points to a new
How to Evaluate Face Respirator Fit
Table of ContentsDescription of MethodMeasurementsDiscussion For the past few years there has been increasing interest among respirator users in determining quantitatively the degree of protection afforded by protective respiratory devices. Overall protection depends on both the efficiency of filters and/or sorbents used and the tightness of seal around the edges of the facepiece. The Bureau of Mines first introduced quantitative
Recover Mercury by Electrolytic Oxidation
An aqueous oxidation treatment process developed by the Bureau of Mines has been shown to be effective for treating carbonaccous gold ores to improve gold recovery. Ozone, chlorine, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] were all shown to be effective reagents for oxidizing the carbonaceous material in the ore. However, generation of oxidizing conditions in the ore pulp by
Tungsten Metal & Tungsten Carbide Electrolysis
Table of ContentsExperimental ResultsDirect Electrowinning of Tungsten Metal From WolframiteElectrowinning of Tungsten Metal From Wolframite Via Two-Phase ExtractionElectrodeposition of WC from Wolframite A high-temperature, two-phase extraction technique has been developed for the recovery of tungstic oxide (WO3) from tungsten-bearing minerals. The technique consists of dissolving scheelite (CaWO4) or wolframite in a system of two immiscible liquids-sodium chloride and sodium silicate-at
Ion Exchange Resin to Recover Gold from Acid Solution
Table of ContentsEffect of HCl and HNO3Effect of Common MetalsUse in Alkaline Cyanide SolutionsIon Exchange Resin-Loaded Papers for Analytical Use An ion exchange resin was found to quantitatively and selectively collect gold from acid solutions over a wide range of acid concentrations. Common metals at high concentration are not collected by the resin and they do not seriously interfere with
Recover Aluminum by Electrowinning
Table of ContentsCell AssemblyChlorine Recovery SystemCell OperationCurrent DensityTemperatureElectrolyte CompositionCell AtmosphereMetal Quality During OperationAnode-Cathode DistanceSummary of OperationEvaluation of Cell Construction Materials The preparation of aluminum by molten salt electrolysis of AlCl3 was undertaken as part of the Bureau of Mines overall research program to develop methods for the utilization of domestic low-grade raw materials, de Beauchamp and Thomas and others summarized
Electrowinning MischMetal
Table of ContentsMaterialsExperimental Procedures and ResultsSustained Performance of Electrolyte SystemDetermination of Optimum Electrolyte CompositionElectrowinning and Tapping of Misch Metal For many years, we conducted a research program on electrolytic preparation of rare-earth metals. Cerium, lanthanum, and neodymium, praseodymium, and didymium metals have been electrowon from their respective oxides dissolved in fluoride melts. Commercial production of mischmetal, a mixed rare-earth metal
Roasting Copper Sulfides Chemistry
Table of ContentsMaterials and ReagentsConversion of Covellite to DigeniteReaction Sequence in Roasting The roasting process is widely used in extracting copper from its sulfide ores. At present the development of a new process for winning copper from pelletized chalcocite concentrate is underway at the Bureau of Mines Twin Cities Metallurgy Research Center. In this process, the dead roasting of sulfide
Using Rock Bolts or Wire Rope to Increase Fractured Pillar Strength
Table of ContentsTheoryRock-Bolting ModelWire-Roping ModelExperimental ProceduresSample PreparationCalibration Procedures for Rock-Bolt StudyCalibration Procedures for Wire-Rope StudyData and AnalysisRock-Bolt StudyWire-Rope StudyFinite Element Analysis of the Wire Rope Experiments In a room-and-pillar system of mining in which no artificial support is used (linings, sets, props, etc.), the weight of the overlying cover is sustained in part on the abutment and in part by
Building a Junk Car Incinerator
Table of ContentsDesign and OperationDesignOperationResults of Preliminary Test Runs Congress, by the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, delegated to the Bureau of Mines responsibility for conducting research on solid waste problems. The accumulation of abandoned automobiles is one of these problems, and this paper reports the efforts of the Bureau’s Salt Lake City Metallurgy Research Center in attempting to
Coal Free-Swelling Index Testing
Table of ContentsMethod of TestingResultsDiscussion of ResultsConclusionsAppendix.-Astm Standard Method of Test for Free-Swelling Index of CoalApparatusCalibrationPreparation of SampleProcedure The term “free-swelling” is applied to the behavior of some bituminous coals when heated under specified conditions. Damm defined the swelling of coal as the volume change that takes place when coal is heated. The softened coal can expand, for example due
How to Control Sulfur Oxide Emissions in Smelting
Table of ContentsCopperLeadZincDimension of the ProblemAir Pollution RegulationsSmelting PracticeCopperLeadZincSmelter GasCurrent Practice for Sulfur Dioxide ControlStatus of Technology for Removing Sulfur Dioxide from Smelter GasesConversion of SO2 to SO3 for Acid ProductionSeparation and Concentration of SO2Reaction of SO2 to Yield Solid Sulfur CompoundsReduction of SO2 to Elemental SulfurApproaches to Solving the ProblemSulfur ProductsCost of Compliance The domestic base-metal-producing industry has been
How to Recover Cadmium & Nickel from Scrap Batteries
Table of Contents Scrap Battery Composition and ConstructionHow to Recover Cadmium & Nickel from Scrap BatteriesRoastingProduct RecoveryLixiviator RegenerationCarbon Dioxide RemovalNickel RemovalCyclic Leaching of Roasted Battery PlatesBench-Scale Cyclic Leaching ApparatusPreliminary Leach TestsEffect of Acidic Versus Basic LeachingMulticycle Leach TestFinal Cadmium-Nickel Leach TestSmelting of ResidueConclusionAnalytical Determination of Naphthenic Acid The manufacture and use of nickel-cadmium alkaline storage batteries in the United States began
Recycling and Disposal of Solid Mining Wastes
Table of ContentsExtraction of Mineral, Metal, and Energy Value from Urban RefuseMunicipal Incinerator ResiduesUnburned Municipal RefuseReclamation and Reuse of Waste GlassRefining of Metals from RefuseUtilization of Discarded PlasticsPyrolysis of Solid WastesConversion of Organic Refuse to OilUpgrading and Utilization of Automotive and Related Ferrous ScrapJunk Car IncineratorIncreased Use of Ferrous Scrap in Electric Furnace SteelmakingProduction of Foundry Pig Iron From Junk
How to Recover Copper from Slag by Flotation
Table of ContentsDescription of Slag SamplesPreparation of Slag SamplesBatch Flotation TestsFlotation Test ProcedureFlotation of Copper From Slow-Cooled Converter SlagsFlotation of Copper from Water-Quenched Converter SlagsGrindability DeterminationsCost Estimate for the Flotation of Copper from Converter SlagsProcess for Slow-Cooled SlagProcess for Quenched SlagCost EvaluationHow to Recover Copper from Slag by Flotation The bulk of the world’s output of copper is produced by smelting